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    Electronic Systems

    Thermal Noise (Johnson-Nyquist Noise)

    Noise power spectral density (PSD) (V^2/Hz):


    kB = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38065×10^−23 J/K), T = Temperature (K), R = Resistance (ohms)

    Power across resistor (W):



    Capacitor RMS noise voltage (V):

    (R*f term is substituted with 1/4C: web.mit.edu/klund/www/papers/UNP_noise.pdf)

    Capacitor noise charge (C):



    Capacitor noise energy (J):



    Resistor noise PSD at very high frequencies:


    h = Planck’s constant (6.62606896×10^−34 Js), T = Temperature (K)


    Gaussian Elimination

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